I doubt it was the first two. It's tactics, but it goes deeper than that, it's something in the DNA of English football, something that has dogged successive England teams for generations.
England (in common with the other British sides, Ireland and the Scandinavians come to that) have never seemed able to adapt during matches. It isn't even a Northern vs Southern Europe thing as the Germans and Dutch have never had this problem.
Apart from, say, the coach making an actual, physical change of players, England teams have never looked capable of shifting from the game plan, even when it's patently not working.
I'm not sure how that is going to be changed. It must have to start at a very early age and England doesn't have many qualified coaches working with those age groups (does it?). Just willing dads, many of whom just want to play at a kind of real life FM2018.
I'm sure a good coach can improve the ball skills of youngsters and get them to understand positional play. How do you teach them to think for themselves? Do British coaches even want that?